There is no doubt that using standards-based hardware now will be easier than in the past. Last year prototypes such as VPX and EPIC Express will be launched this year to provide connectivity to high-speed interfaces such as PCI Express, Serial RapidIO, InfiniBand, and Serial ATA (SATA). Even SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) products will appear in large numbers. Although the product is very rich, the heat and safety challenges will be more difficult to handle than ever before.
New storage technology
Vertical recording is an important development announced last year, including Seagate's 160GB Momentus 5400 (see Figure 1). These super-capacity drives will appear in large numbers this year and are used in some interesting mobile applications.
The larger capacity of flash memory will increase the storage capacity of the hard disk area, which is very affordable for embedded developers who need high speed and strong storage. Apacer Memory America has a SATA-based flash drive and Texas Memory System has just introduced the first unlimited-bandwidth SSD.
Optical storage capacity will increase significantly, especially in Blu-ray and HD DVD. However, it should be noted that there will be greater storage capacity for in-phase holographic storage, thanks to DisplayTech's compact spatial light modulator (SLM). The spatial light modulator is the core of the write head. The head needs to reach an order of magnitude higher than Blu-ray and HD DVD drives.
Serial trio of USB, PCI Express and SATA
This year is not a year when PS/2 and IDE have completely withdrawn from the market, but this trend is very clear. PCMCIA ExpressCards are widely used in the laptop market, and embedded designers are more concerned about this because more microprocessor tapes have built-in USB and PCI Express interfaces. Express Cards have more processing power, lower cost, and more robust packaging. These three features can appeal to any embedded application designer.
Because there are peripherals and device drivers to choose from, USB 2.0 high speed and On-The-Go will eventually have a huge impact on new system designs and are currently used in PCs, printers, and digital cameras, and this is just the beginning.
Currently, PC slots use more PCI Express than PCI, and this transition is faster than ISA transition, although it is possible to find ISA slots.
At the same time, high-performance applications such as video and storage are consuming PCI Express bandwidth as quickly as possible. This is good news for RAID systems. At the same time, eSATA (external SATA) has not yet been used in some PCs, and eSATA can be used for some interesting embedded designs.
New modules and circuit boards
High-speed serial communication is the source of power for new appearance size, board and module standards. Designers hope to use the ETXexpress-CD, such as Kontron's ETXexpress-CD, to handle the latest Intel Core Duo processors, while also providing GB Ethernet and PCI Express interfaces.
There are more standard sizes available to support PCI Express (such as XTX), they have retained PCI, but have abandoned ISA or EPIC Express. At the same time do not ignore the previous standards, such as CompactPCI, PC/104, EPIC and VME, these standards also benefit from the latest processor and peripheral technology advances. The lower power consumption of the processor makes a more powerful fanless design possible. Dual-core processors and single-core options can be plugged into the same slot.
Another relatively new form factor called MicroT-CA (Telecommunications Computing Architecture) is based on the Advanced Mezzanine Card (AMC) standard, which was introduced with the larger AdvancedTCA. This year, the technology will be used in other than base stations related to communications.
As soon as ATCA is mentioned, switch structures are thought of. It is not the only standard that supports structural backplanes because there are VPX and many other standards. The obvious difference this year is that real floors and boards can really come out.
FPGAs and Boards
The VPX board will reach its limit this year, while the FPGA is parallel to the DSP array and single board computer (SBC). FPGAs are currently working on pillars in applications such as radar and will continue to be used in these areas and are entering embedded applications.
There will be more GPIO-MM family boards such as Diamond Systems, which have 200kx Xilinx Spartan II RAM-based FPGAs. FPGAs provide a variety of peripheral synthesis such as general purpose I/O and timers. Cheaper FPGAs can reduce the number of independent boards while providing many different combinations of features, replacing a large number of fixed-function boards.
General FPGAs may also be promoted. Software development tools, especially graphics-based programming environments, greatly simplify FPGA design steps. As a result, application experts can use FPGA parallel performance while focusing on applications.
The "more is better" theory
FPGAs still require specialized design knowledge, and this is often a skill that programmers lack. Therefore, most developers prefer to use conventional programmable processors. However, some aspects of the programmable platform will change. One approach is to use fixed-function parallel processing units and turn it into a common platform.
This is exactly what AMD is doing on its stream data processing board. The processing board mainly includes a graphics processor, but it is open for application programming, rather than a monitor specifically matched. Not only in graphics cards, but also in other applications, multi-core and parallel data streams are equally good. There will be more accelerators coming out of this area this year.
Hardware security
The security field is a growth point for hardware accelerator applications. As more security-related accelerators move to PCI Express, performance improvements are possible. Processing performance will match the increased capacity of the server cluster that handles secure streaming and streaming media.
With the increasing demand for secure communication of embedded devices, it will be more common to integrate security hardware in microprocessors. It is not difficult to find a microcontroller that can protect the storage key. Similarly, it is easy to implement a device that can protect the microcontroller program code.
Embedding designers will have more choices in power efficiency, performance and functionality. The Legacy-Free platform will become more common, but even the ISA bus will still exist.
The advantage of USB Cable Type C is that it supports higher current, that is that more current can be passed by Type-C in the same time. In this way, the charging speed of the device can be accelerated. At present, the charging current of most Type-C data lines is generally 2A. If the charging rate of 3A is to be reached, a high-current wall charging matching it is required. That is to say, if the wall charge only supports 1A, whether it is charged with 2A or 3A data line, there is no difference fundamentally. If the current supported by the wall charging is 2A, and the type-C data cable of 2A/3A is matched, the effect can be significantly changed.
In addition, the device equipped with the Type-C interface can be charged by connecting the mobile power supply through the Type-C cable or Usb C Cable. Users do not need to carry the charging cable, but can have the wall charging and Type-C cable. In addition, when selecting a Type-C charging cable, We should pay attention to the current limit. The charging data cable 1A does not have fast charging performance, 2A is the most commonly used Type-C charging data line, and 3A is the best data line at present. If you want to have fast charging effect, you must choose the Type-C charging data line with 3A current.
The highlights of Type-C interface are thinner design, faster transmission speed (USB3.1 up to 10Gbps) and stronger power transmission (up to 100W).The biggest feature of Type-C double-sided plugable interface is that it supports double-sided insertion of USBinterface. Officially solved the USB never insert the worldwide problem, the front and the back of the random plug.The USB Cable used with it must also be thinner and lighter.
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