The main principle of photovoltaic power generation is the photoelectric effect of semiconductors. When a photon is irradiated onto a metal, its energy can be completely absorbed by some electron in the metal. The energy absorbed by the electron is large enough to overcome the internal gravity of the metal and escape from the metal surface to become photoelectron. A silicon atom has four outer electrons. If five atoms of outer electrons, such as phosphorus atoms, are doped into pure silicon, they become N-type semiconductors; if pure silicon is doped with three outer electrons, such as A boron atom forms a P-type semiconductor. When the P-type and the N-type are combined, the contact surface forms a potential difference and becomes a solar cell. When the sunlight illuminates the PN junction, the holes move from the P pole region to the N pole region, and the electrons move from the N pole region to the P pole region to form a current.
The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which light causes a potential difference between a heterogeneous semiconductor or a different portion where a semiconductor and a metal are combined. It is first a process in which photons (light waves) are converted into electrons, and light energy is converted into electric energy; secondly, a voltage process is formed.
Formation of P-type semiconductorAs shown, a positive charge represents a silicon atom, and a negative charge represents four electrons surrounding a silicon atom.
When boron is doped into the silicon crystal (as shown below), the negative charge represents four electrons surrounding the silicon atom. The yellow color indicates the boron atom incorporated. Since there are only three electrons around the boron atom, the blue hole shown in the figure is generated. This hole becomes unstable due to the absence of electrons and easily absorbs electrons. Neutralize to form a P-type semiconductor.
As shown in the figure above, a positive charge represents a silicon atom, and a negative charge represents four electrons surrounding a silicon atom.
After the incorporation of the phosphorus atom (as shown above), since the phosphorus atom has five electrons, an electron becomes very active to form an N-type semiconductor. Yellow represents the incorporated phosphorus atoms and red represents the extra electrons.
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