Foreword
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If the engine is the heart of the car, then the car transmission system is the nerve of the car, the engine is the source of the car's power, the device responsible for transmitting the power to make the car play the driving function is the car transmission system, the transmission system contains the device responsible for the power connection, The shifting mechanism that changes the strength of the force, the differential that overcomes the difference in the rotational speed between the wheels, and the drive shaft that connects the various mechanisms, with these four main devices, can transmit the power of the engine to the wheels. The nerves of the car - the car transmission system This article gives you a detailed explanation of the functions and functions of the various parts of the car transmission system.
First, the power connection device
The clutch is a component directly connected to the engine in the vehicle driveline. Its function is to smoothly or temporarily disengage the power of the engine from the transmission, and reliably transmit the engine torque, so that the driver can start, stop, and shift the car. Wait for the operation.
The clutch mechanism is placed between the engine and the manual transmission and is responsible for transmitting the power of the engine to the manual transmission. As shown, the flywheel mechanism is fixed to the output shaft of the engine. In the outer casing of the flywheel, a disc-shaped spring is connected to the pressure plate, and a friction disc is connected to the input shaft of the transmission.
When the clutch pedal is released, the pressure plate in the flywheel uses the force of the spring to firmly press the friction plate, so that there is no sliding phenomenon between the two to achieve the purpose of connection, and the engine power can pass through this mechanism. , passed to the gearbox to complete the work of power transmission.
When the pedal is depressed, the mechanism pressurizes the spring so that the periphery of the spring is lifted and the press is separated from the friction plate. At this time, the friction plate and the flywheel cannot be interlocked. Even if the engine continues to run, the power will not be transmitted to the gearbox and the wheel. At this time, the driver can perform shifting and parking, etc., without causing the engine to stall. .
Second, the shifting mechanism
The car needs a relatively large driving force when starting acceleration. At this time, the speed of the vehicle is low, and the engine must output a large power at a higher speed.
When the speed is gradually increased, the driving power required by the car is gradually reduced. At this time, the engine can provide sufficient power for the vehicle by reducing the rotational speed to reduce the power output. In the process of the speed of the car from low to high, the engine speed is changed from high to low. How to solve the contradiction? So the so-called "gearbox" can change the difference between the engine and the wheel. The device was born for this purpose.
The gearbox has two systems, "manual gearbox" and "automatic gearbox", which operate differently depending on the operation. In recent years, due to the needs of consumers and the advancement of technology, the automobile factory has developed a manually operable automatic transmission called a "hand-in-one gearbox"; in addition, the automobile factory has developed a "sequential semi-automatic" for high-performance vehicles. Gearbox" manual transmission with automatic operation. The current F1 car is fully equipped with a "sequential semi-automatic transmission", so vehicles using this type of manual transmission are advertised with technology from F1.
1. Manual shifting mechanism: Generally referred to as “manual gearboxâ€, it is manually operated to shift gears.
In the manual transmission system, there are two main parts of the clutch and the manual transmission.
Clutch: A mechanism used to transfer the power of the engine to the gearbox, using the friction of the friction plate to transmit power. The clutches used in typical models have only two friction plates, while the racing and heavy-duty vehicles use clutches with more friction plates. There are also two types of clutches, dry and wet. The wet clutch is almost no longer used on cars.
Manual gearbox: Manually operate the gearbox to shift the gears to engage the gears on the input and output shafts in the manual gearbox. After multiple sets of gears with different numbers of teeth are engaged, a variety of deceleration ratios can be produced. The current manual transmissions are all using the synchronizing gear meshing mechanism, which makes the shifting operation easier and the shifting smoothness is better.
2. Automatic transmission mechanism: generally referred to as “automatic transmissionâ€, the use of oil pressure to change the gear position.
In order to make the operation of the car simple, and the driver who is not good at operating the manual transmission can also drive the car easily, it is an important task to manufacture a gearbox that can automatically change the gear position, so the car Engineers developed the world's first automatic transmission in 1940. From then on, the driver will not need to perform the shifting operation while driving, stopping, and during acceleration and deceleration.
The modern automatic transmission system contains three main parts: liquid torque converter, automatic gearbox and electronic control system. Adding a manual shift control program to the electronic control system becomes a "hand-in-one gearbox" with manual operation.
Liquid Torque Converter: Between the active impeller and the passive impeller, hydraulic oil is used as the medium for transmitting power. The power is transmitted from the input shaft to the opposite output shaft, and the power is transmitted to the automatic transmission via the output shaft.
Part of the power is consumed as the hydraulic fluid flows between the active impeller and the passive impeller. In order to reduce the loss of power, a set of stationary impellers is added between the active and passive impellers to increase the energy transmission efficiency; and a set of clutches is added to the liquid torsion converter, and the clutch is used to actively cooperate with the appropriate driving state. The passive impeller lock allows there is no longer a difference in speed between the active and passive impellers, which in turn increases the transmission efficiency of the power.
Automatic gearbox: The planetary gear set constitutes a shifting mechanism, which uses oil pressure to push multiple sets of friction plates to control the action of the planetary gear set to change the transmission path of the power in the gear set, thus generating a variety of different reduction ratios.
Electronic control system: The shift control of the early mechanical automatic transmission is based on the pressure change of the oil pressure to determine when to perform the shifting operation. Even after years of research and improvement, the shifting performance of the mechanical automatic transmission is still Not satisfactory. The electronic automatic transmission was then responded to. In order to make the timing of shifting more precise, and to obtain a smoother shift quality, each automobile manufacturer has invested a lot of resources to study the electronic control system of the automatic transmission.
Third, the differential
After solving the problem of vehicle power transmission, the car engineer encountered another problem - turning. When the vehicle is turning, the wheels on the left and right sides will have different rotation speeds, so the left and right transmission shafts will have different rotation speeds, so the differential is used to solve the difference between the left and right sides. problem.
Turning, in addition to the assistance of the steering system, must also be adjusted on the drive train. The reason is that when the vehicle is cornering, the inner wheel takes a shorter path and the outer wheel takes a longer path. After passing such a path in the same time, the wheels on the left and right sides are bound to face different speeds. If there is no special mechanism to deal with, it will cause the vehicle to turn around when turning; even if it is turned hard, it will have serious problems of wheel wear. At this point, the differential is introduced into the drive train of the car.
As can be seen from the figure, the differential is made up of a number of gear sets. When going straight, the left and right wheels rotate at the same speed, and the inner gear set does not work, as if the left and right wheels are running on the same axle. When the vehicle enters the curve, the difference in the rotational speeds of the left and right wheels is absorbed by the rotation of the intermediate gear set, so that it can smoothly pass.
Fourth, the car drive shaft
The power output by the engine is transmitted to the drive wheels after being converted by the shifting system to generate a driving force to the vehicle. The mechanism responsible for transmitting power to the drive wheels is the drive shaft. According to different transmission system configurations, it can also be divided into two types: drive shaft and axle.
transmission shaft
In front-engine rear-wheel drive (FR) or front-engine four-wheel drive models, since the rear wheels need to be driven, the power must be transmitted to the rear axle differential to transmit power to rear wheel. This is only the long connecting rod below the entire body, which is the drive shaft. In the front-engine front-wheel drive (FF), rear-engine rear-wheel drive (RR), and mid-engine rear-wheel drive (MR), the three transmissions do not have a drive shaft. After the power output of the gearbox and the differential, the axle is directly connected.
axle
The power is transmitted from the differential to the axle of the wheel. The axle is also known as the "half axle" or "drive shaft." In the general front-wheel drive vehicle, the transmission system is arranged as shown in the figure. The engine, transmission and differential are connected together. After directly connecting the axles, the power is transmitted directly to the left and right wheels to drive the vehicle body. .
Conclusion
In the automotive machinery sector, the most important system is the automotive transmission system. Without them, the car will not be able to run freely. The research of automotive transmission system is also an important breakthrough in the future improvement of automobile performance. Understanding the principles and functions of various parts of the automotive transmission system is of great help to vehicle troubleshooting and scientific research.
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