Introduction: Meet, put down, charge
Wireless charging is destined to be the preferred method of charging mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and new "phablets" in between. As users increasingly need to replenish their battery power throughout the day to support intensive Internet access, high-definition gaming, video and audio streaming, and GPS navigation, the right time to charge without cables will become the norm.
Wireless charging by simply placing the mobile device on an available charging station provides the user with great ease of use and convenience. But so far, wireless charging systems are still a novel aftermarket project and have not received serious attention as an alternative to conventional adapters and cables. Existing wireless charging systems are cumbersome and bulky, requiring the mobile device to be inserted into the charging sleeve before being placed on the charging station for charging. In addition, these systems are often proprietary technologies that lack interoperability between devices from different manufacturers. The retail price of wireless charging systems is also relatively high, with charging stations ranging from $80 to $100 and charging sleeves ranging from $30 to $40. As a result, sales and market penetration of wireless charging systems have been poor.
However, the ubiquitous demand for wireless charging systems also indicates great potential. IHS Technology analysts predict that shipments of wireless charging transmitters and receivers will increase from $216 million in 2013 to $8.5 billion in 2018 in the Wireless Power Report 2014. During the period, there was a nearly 40-fold increase.
From novelty to necessity
HIS's confidence in the future wireless charging market comes from several aspects, one of which is that industry-leading companies or organizations have come together and are working to develop interoperability between wireless charging systems and mobile devices from different manufacturers. Sexual industry standards, including software and parts companies, handset manufacturers and network operators.
Among the semiconductor vendors that are actively helping to develop wireless charging standards, IDT is a board member of the Wireless Power ConsorTIum (WPC) and Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP), and with the Power Matters Alliance (PMA, Power Critical Alliance). Keeping close contact, these are the main standards organizations in the wireless charging industry. In early 2014, PMA and A4WP were merged.
There are two technical approaches to the wireless charging ecosystem: magnetic induction and magnetic resonance. The activities of the WPC and PMA standards organizations focus on magnetic induction, while the A4WP supports technologies based on magnetic resonance standards. Some magnetic induction solutions are already in mass production, but magnetic resonance technology is entering mass production applications by the end of 2014. A simple comparison of these two techniques can illustrate the main difference in their application: magnetic induction requires tight coupling, achieving the highest level of efficiency when the positional deviation in the X/Y direction is minimized; while magnetic resonance allows for greater spatial freedom, However, it cannot achieve high peak efficiency based on magnetic induction technology.
Figure 1: Magnetic induction technology achieves higher levels of efficiency when positional deviations are minimal. Even if the transmitter and receiver are close together, the magnetic resonance cannot achieve the same performance as the magnetic induction, but the efficiency does not decrease rapidly when the positional deviation increases.
The WPC has announced the Qi Low Power Specification, which defines the contactless power transfer interface between the power transmitter and receiver, associated performance requirements and conformance test specifications. All devices carrying the Qi logo are guaranteed to be compatible with the WPC specification and therefore interoperable with each other. Similarly, devices that meet the PMA standard will also have an interoperability identification of the PMA. A further sign of the growing wireless charging standard is the establishment of the IEEE Wireless Power and Charging Systems Working Group (WPCS-WG) and the IEEE P2100.1TM Wireless Power and Charging System Standard Specification (IEEE P2100. Development of 1TM Standard SpecificaTIons for Wireless Power and Charging Systems). IEEE P2100.1 creates wireless power and charging specifications for power and load devices. Although IEEE P2100.1 is currently limited to the use of magnetic inductive coupling technology, other technologies will be considered in the future.
Greater interoperability is critical in order to make wireless charging facilities for many expected applications, such as vehicles, transportation hubs, and other public places, cafes, stadiums, and offices. At home, all of the family's mobile devices can be charged through a shared charging station, so there is a chance to eliminate the need for clumsy power adapters and cables, as well as a large number of wall outlets.
With the advent of reliable standards, organizations that are critical to creating a broad wireless charging infrastructure are committed to developing a variety of wireless charging projects. Car manufacturers are interested in the potential of wireless charging technology, which removes cables inside the car. Some well-known brands have demonstrated wireless charging systems at recent auto shows and at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, and some projects are using the technology to power in-vehicle systems such as rear-seat entertainment and ambient lighting. In addition, the charging stand can also be set on the desktop, other furniture or table lamps.
Chain stores such as coffee shops are also keen to offer wireless charging facilities to attract customers who just wanted to drink something, and now they need a fast “power snack†to charge their mobile devices. This trend has been confirmed by Starbucks. Starbucks announced in June 2014 that it will work with Duracell Powermat to deploy wireless charging stations in stores across the United States and begin in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mobile network operators have also shown great interest in wireless charging. At the Mobile World Congress, a well-known operator installed wireless charging points throughout its booth, and these convenient facilities ensure that their team members can continue to use their mobile devices throughout the show.
Overcome the next obstacle
In its Wireless Power Report, IHS Technology noted that some of the top mobile device brands have begun to integrate power receiver technology directly into smartphones or integrated into replaceable battery covers that can be purchased separately. For example, LG's flagship product, G3, currently includes wireless power receiver technology powered by IDT's IDTP9025 chip. This overcomes one of the major obstacles to the widespread acceptance of wireless charging by removing an awkward charging sleeve. Mobile device users do not like to lose the wireless charging function with additional weight and size disadvantages. In the case of wireless charging stations, mobile phone vendors may include a charging station in their future product packaging, and multiple charging stations are needed in any other location where wireless charging is required.
The key to broad integration of wireless charging capabilities among mobile device manufacturers, car manufacturers, furniture manufacturers and other businesses is cost. The cost of the receiver and transmitter combination must fall to the level of the early aftermarket system that is significantly below $80-100.
The high complexity of wireless charging systems in the early aftermarket has led to higher retail prices for these products. A transmitter for a charging station with a single-magnetic-guided single-coil power contains 90 individual components, including 9 ICs. These components are required to not only handle the energy transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver, but also to enable the communication to conform to WPC or PMA specifications to set up and control the wireless charging process, and to provide functions such as foreign object detection (FOD). Reliable FOD is the key to maintaining consumer confidence in wireless charging. Users need to be confident that there is no safety risk when touching the charging station or even if there is a metal object near the charging station. The unwanted electromagnetic radiation (EMI) in the system must also be minimized. Turn.
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