Physically, leakage current can be defined as the current flowing from a live part (through insulation) to a conductive part.
First, the preliminary conclusion of the study of the "leakage current" effect
1. Two conclusions were drawn from the study of the "leakage current" effect.
(1) In terms of safety, the main consideration is the harmful current that may flow through the human body, which is not necessarily equal to the current flowing through the protective conductor.
(2) The effect of current on the human body is more complicated than the effects to be considered in the earlier standard. There are four most important effects on determining the safety limit in the case of continuous waveform: a, perception; b, reaction; c, get rid of; d, electric burns. Either of these four human effects has a unique threshold, but some of these thresholds vary widely with frequency. Electric burns are burns of the skin or organs caused by current flowing through or through the epidermis of the human body.
2. Definition of two currents according to their different measurement methods The leakage current measurement method includes the physiological effects related to physiological effects and installation conditions under normal conditions and certain fault conditions. The leakage current consists of two currents: the contact current and the protective conductor current.
IEC 61140:1997 "Protection against electric shocks - Common aspects of installations and equipment" Section 3.9 Contact current is defined as "When a human or animal body contacts one or more accessible parts of an electrical installation or facility under normal conditions or under fault conditions, Current flowing through the human or animal body (see also IEC 60990 for similar definitions.) Contact current (present only when the human body is a current channel) can also be defined as the current flowing into the impedance network representing the human body. The protective conductor current is defined as the current in the protective conductor measured with an ammeter with negligible internal resistance. The protective conductor current is the leakage current flowing through the equipment ground. The protective conductor current may have an effect on the operation of the RCD (Residual Current Protection Device) connected in the same circuit, so one of the purposes of the protective conductor current test may be to select the residual current protection device based on the protective conductor current.
Another purpose is IEC364-7-707 "Building electrical equipment - Part 7: Special facilities or places - Chapter 707: Grounding requirements for the installation of data processing equipment", s. 707.471.3.3 "Further requirements for ground leakage currents greater than 10 mA" need. In this standard, the ground leakage current exceeds the specified limit, which is called high leakage current, and has additional protection against electric shock for equipment with high leakage current. This standard considers a leakage current of more than 10 mA as a high leakage current. For ground leakage currents exceeding 10 mA, the equipment shall be connected in accordance with one of the following three requirements.
(1) Highly complete protection (ground) lines. The purpose of these requirements is to use a sturdy or doubled conductor with a permanent connector or a rugged connector to provide a high total protection line. If the protective conductor used is a single conductor, the cross-sectional area shall not be less than 10 mm2. If the two conductors are individually terminated, the cross-sectional area of ​​each conductor shall be not less than 4 mm2.
(2) Ground continuity monitoring. The purpose of these requirements is to monitor the continuity of the protective earth connection and to provide means to automatically cut off the power supply in the event of a fault.
(3) Use a two-winding transformer. The purpose of these requirements limits the path of leakage current and minimizes the possibility of ground continuity interruption. The two currents can be explained in Figure 1 below. Since the protective conductor current depends on the impedance of the device, IEC TC64 has developed a standardized impedance for this measurement. However, this impedance is assumed to be no more than 0.5 Ω. In addition, this current is only important for luminaires that are connected by a consumer to a power source, such as a plug in your house. IEC TC64 considers this current to be important for all products connected to the outlet. Since the protective conductor current measured during the type test of the luminaire has a limit, IEC TC64 does not consider the fact that the number of products connected to the same RCD (remaining current protection device) is important. This measurement may be required for "large" luminaires intended to be permanently connected to the power supply. If the protective conductor current exceeds 10 mA, the luminaire shall have a corresponding warning label (see 64/1120A/CDV file).
Second, the leakage current requirements depend on the insulation class of the lamp. Class I lamps: It is required to measure the contact current and protect the conductor current.
Download the full text: Introduction to Leakage Current Testing of Luminaires.pdf
What is 5G CPE?
5G CPE is a kind of 5G terminal equipment. It takes 5G signals from a carrier's base station and converts them into WiFi or wired signals, allowing more local devices (phones, tablets, computers) to access the Internet. It can be seen that 5G CPE is similar to the function of the "optical network unit" for home fiber broadband access.
What is a WiFi router?
WiFi routers are also known as wireless routers or access points.
A WiFi router acts as a Wi-Fi transmitter. It connects directly to a modem, router or switch via cable. This allows it to receive information from the Internet and transmit information to the Internet. Phones, tablets, laptops and other devices can pick up its Wi-Fi signal and then connect to the Internet.
What is the difference between 5G CPE and WiFi router?
The 5G CPE is actually a combination of a 5G modem and a WiFi router. With an independent 5G CPE, the device can access the Internet directly through the WiFi signal or the LAN port of the CPE. Of course, the 5G SIM card needs to be inserted into the SIM card slot of the CPE. However, a WiFi router will not be able to provide Internet access without connecting to a modem or router via cable.
To provide users with greater flexibility and reliability, many 5G CPE routers not only support 5G networks and 4G LTE networks, but also come equipped with WAN Ethernet ports for surfing the Internet. For local networks, WiFi 6, WiFi 5, and LAN ports are usually supported. Some models, such as the Hocell 5G CPE M111, are also equipped with telephone ports for VoLTE/ VoNR voice services.
What are the advantages of 5G CPE over ONU?
ONU is a kind of CPE, and the difference between ONU and 5G CPE is that the former connects to optical fiber access network equipment, while 5G CPE connects to 5G base stations.
There is also a question, since there is an ONU, why do you still need 5G CPE, and will 5G CPE replace ONU?
Let's start with the conclusion, of course not.
The current 5G CPE products all use the same or similar 5G chips as 5G mobile phones, have strong 5G connectivity, support SA/NSA networking, and are compatible with 4G/5G signals. In terms of speed, 5G CPE is similar to ONU.
The advantages of 5G CPE
1. Mobility and
Unlike traditional ONUs, which can only be used in fixed locations, 5G CPE can be "mobile." Where there is a 5G signal, 5G CPE can be used.
For example, when we go on a family vacation to a suburban estate, we can use 5G CPE to set up a Wi-Fi 6 high-speed hotspot that allows all family members to go online and share videos on social networks.
Another example is when a company is away at a trade show, it can use 5G CPE to provide Internet access to visitors and employees.
Traditional "fibre broadband" is relatively easy to set up. You go to the sales office and request a package, and then you can open it. But cancelling is tricky. Today's broadband services have a contract period. Before the end of the agreement period, you can not arbitrarily stop it. If you need to move, you have to switch to fiber broadband, which is also very troublesome. As for 5G CPE, as long as you have a 5G mobile phone SIM card, you can get high-speed Internet access.
For young people who are renting, as well as small businesses that need Internet service, 5G CPE is an ideal choice because of its mobility, fast Internet service registration and termination. 5G CPE is also suitable for remote areas or places with difficult terrain where fiber is virtually unavailable. Due to its large area and small population, many parts of the world began to use CPE long ago. They use 5G Outdoor CPE to receive signals from base stations and convert them into raw signals to access the Internet.
5G CPE can be upgraded to small base stations
5G CPE modifies 4G or 5G as a WiFi hotspot. WIFI devices can be converted via 5G CPE to access 4G or 5G networks.
Further, the WIFI hotspot, including the information processing and transmission within the CPE, is divided into 2 completely separate channels. The internal network channel has its own wi-fi, which is supervised by a person, and also has an account password verification. The external network channel is regulated and managed by the carrier. Two-way verification, remote monitoring, encrypted transmission, vibrant passwords, strict isolation of software and some devices to meet carrier-grade security requirements, complete isolation of indoor and outdoor wi-fi, extrannetwork-channel authentication of customer SIM cards,
5G CPE can be upgraded to a small base station, with both WiFi LAN and micro-base station functions. Good signal at the window, negative signal inside the car. Install a 5G CPE micro-base station by the window of your home and connect it to a power supply (or bring your own power supply).
It can access 4G and 5G networks through the CPE's external network. The phone charges, SMS charges, and information charges generated by the CPE are included in the phone SIM card number, but are not included in the CPE device. Peripheral WIFI devices without SIM cards, computer tablets (generally with WIFI), without wi-fi can get the USB user interface wi-fi card, through the WIFI Intranet access to 4G/5G network, resulting in traffic charges Input number corresponding to the CPE SIM card.
5G CPE micro base station, no matter where you go, as long as there is a 4G/5G signal by the window, there are mobile phones indoors, there are other terminal tools with SIM cards, and WIFI, you can call the Internet standby to solve the problem of indoor invisible. WIFI tools without SIM cards can also pass through the Intranet.
5G CPE applications
1. 5G CPE will act as a smart home gateway
In addition to providing Internet access, 5G CPE will also act as a smart home gateway in the future.
The demand for home routers has been the focus of competition among many vendors, because the router itself brings profits, as it is the gateway to the entire home network service and the entry platform for digital home operations. The 5G CPE serves the same purpose as a router. It will be the intelligent gateway for the unborn 5G family and the fulcrum for the intelligent life of the whole family.
With 5G CPE, users can control a variety of smart devices in their homes and connect everything, significantly enhancing the life experience of family members.
5G CPE has great potential for enterprise demand
In addition to consumer demand, 5G CPE has a very broad operational prospect in terms of enterprise demand.
Take smart factories, for example. In the future, all the devices and gears in the factory will be networked. 5G CPE can act as a unified traffic inlet and outlet for all devices in an area (shop floor), providing low-cost, high-speed network connectivity for these devices.
With the increase of application scenarios, 5G CPE will support more communication protocols other than 5G (such as Bluetooth, UWB, etc.), and truly become the control center of all devices.
3. Pipe network monitoring
Urban heating monitoring, natural gas network wireless monitoring, urban water supply network monitoring.
conclusion
All in all, 5G CPE is very important for both households and businesses.
With the full rollout of 5G network construction, 5G signal coverage is getting farther and farther. The demand for 5G CPE will continue to increase, and there will be more and more application scenarios around 5G CPE.
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